Historical Background and the Emergence of the Style
The early 20th century was marked by radical transformations in European artistic culture. Various creative movements of that time shared a common trend – a departure from the traditional realism that had dominated previous eras. During this period of social transformation and the decline of classical capitalism, a new artistic movement emerged – expressionism.
"Expressionism is not just a style – it is a manifesto of a new era, reflecting profound changes in society and the consciousness of early 20th-century artists." – Wilhelm Worringer, German art historian.
The term "expressionism," meaning "expression," first appeared in 1911 in the pages of the journal "Der Sturm," thanks to philosopher Worringer. This artistic movement gained official recognition following the publication of the exhibition catalog "Der Blaue Reiter" in 1912. Expressionism found particularly fertile ground in German-speaking countries.
Technological Innovations and New Possibilities
The revolutionary changes in architectural creativity in the early 20th century were driven not only by historical processes but also by significant technological advancements. The introduction of innovative building materials opened unprecedented opportunities for architects to realize their boldest creative visions.
| Material/Technology | Impact on Architecture | Examples of Application |
|---|---|---|
| Reinforced concrete | Creation of complex curvilinear forms | Einstein Tower |
| Steel frameworks | Increased spans and building heights | "Universum" Cinema |
| Ribbon glazing | New lighting possibilities | Factory in Luckenwalde |
These technological advancements allowed expressionist architects to create structures distinguished by unprecedented plasticity and expressive forms.
Characteristics of Expressionist Architecture
Architectural works within the expressionist movement are characterized by an exceptional emotional intensity in their compositions. Architects achieved this effect through the use of:
- Dynamic, sharp forms creating a dramatic effect
- A sculptural approach to volume formation
- Biomorphic elements resembling natural structures
- Contrasting combinations of materials and textures
These artistic techniques laid the foundation for the development of modern bionic architecture.
"Expressionist architecture is an attempt to create emotionally charged spaces by deforming traditional forms and utilizing new materials." – Kenneth Frampton, British architectural critic.
Iconic Structures of the Era
The Einstein Tower, designed by Erich Mendelsohn, became a manifesto of architectural expressionism. The monolithic reinforced concrete forms give the building the appearance of a grand sculpture.
Another outstanding example is the "Goetheanum" by Rudolf Steiner – a sculptural building embodying anthroposophical ideas in architectural form.
The "Universum" Cinema, designed by Mendelsohn, showcases a masterful play of volumes and contrasts. The structure consists of two horseshoe-shaped volumes supported by pillar-like bases.
Legacy and Influence
Although the expressionist movement in European architecture was relatively short-lived, its influence can be traced in modern architecture. In the 1920s, architects began prioritizing spatial rationalization; however, the principles of expressionism found new development in the post-war period.